Detailed Topic Wise JEE Main Syllabus 2024

SYLLABUS for JEE (Main)-2024

Syllabus for Paper-1 (B.E./B.Tech.)- Mathematics

• Sets and their representation
• Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties
• Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions

• Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals
• Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane
• Argand diagram
• algebra of complex number
• modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number
• square root of a complex number
• triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions
• Relations between roots and coefficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots

• Matrices
• algebra of matrices
• type of matrices
• determinants and matrices of order two and three
• properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants
• Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations
• Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.

• The fundamental principle of counting
• permutation as an arrangement and combination as section
• Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications

• Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
• general term and middle term
• properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

• Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic
• geometric means between two given numbers
• Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2, Sn3
• Arithmetic-Geometric progression.

• Real – valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse function.
• Graphs of simple functions.
• Limits, continuity and differentiability.
• Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions.
• Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions
• derivatives of order up to two
• Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean value Theorems
• Applications of derivatives
• Rate of change of quantities, monotonic Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal.

• Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithms functions.
• Integrations by substitution, by parts and by partial functions.
• Integration using trigonometric identities.
• Evaluation of simple integrals of the type
•  ∫ ?? ? 2+?2 , ∫ ?? √? 2 ± ?2 , ∫ ?? ?2− ? 2 , ∫ ?? √?2− ? 2 , ∫ ?? ??2+??+? ,∫ ?? √??2+ ??+? , ∫ (??+?)?? ??2+??+? , ∫ (??+?)?? √??2+ ??+? ∫ √? 2 ± ? 2 ?? , ∫√? 2 − ? 2 ??
• Integral as limit of a sum.
• The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals.
• Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

• Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree
• the formation of differential equations
• solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables
• solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type ?? ?? + ?(?)? = ?(?)

• Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes
• the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis.

Straight line:

• Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line
• equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines coordinate of the centroid, orthocenter and circumcenter of a triangle
• equation of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines

Circle, conic sections:

• A standard form of equations of a circle
• the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given
• points of intersection of a line and a circle with the center at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle
• equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx +c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency

• Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions ratios and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines.
• Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation.
• Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

• Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

• Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
• Probability - Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution

• Trigonometrical identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties, heights and distance.

• Statement logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if, understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

SYLLABUS for JEE (Main)-2024

Syllabus for Paper-1 (B.E./B.Tech.)- Physics

• Physics, technology and society, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments
• Errors in measurement
• Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

• The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector.
• Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector.
• Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

• Force and inertia
• Newton's First law of motion
• Momentum
• Newton's Second Law of motion, Impulses; Newton's Third Law of motion.
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
• Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications.

• Work done by a content force and a variable force
• kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power.
• The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and neoconservative forces
• Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

• Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body
• Basic concepts of rotational motion
• a moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications
• the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration.
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
• Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion.

• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
• Kepler's law of planetary motion.
• Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
• Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of a satellite.
• Geo stationary satellites.

• Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law.
• Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity.
• Pressure due to a fluid column
• Pascal's law and its applications.
• Viscosity.
• Stokes' law.
• terminal velocity streamline and turbulent flow.
• Reynolds number
• Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation.
• Newton's law of cooling.

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy.
• The first law of thermodynamics.
• The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.
• Carnot engine and its efficiency.

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure.
• Kinetic energy and temperature
• RMS speed of gas molecules
• Degrees of freedom.
• Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases
• Mean free path
• Avogadro's number

• Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.
• Periodic functions.
• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies
• Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave.
• Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves.
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics.
• Beats. Doppler Effect in sound

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law-forces between two-point charges, forces between multiple charges
• superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
• Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines.
• Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole.
• Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
• Electric flux
• Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges
• Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators
• Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• Energy stored in a capacitor

• Electric current
• Drift velocity
• Ohm's law
• Electrical resistance
• Resistances of different materials
• V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
• Electrical energy and power.
• Electrical resistivity.
• Color code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors
• Temperature dependence of resistance.
• Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel.
• Kirchhoff's laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge.
• Meter Bridge.
• Potentiometer - principle and its applications.

• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid.
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
• The force between two parallel current carrying conductor's definition of ampere.
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines
• Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances.
• Magnetic susceptibility and permeability.
• Hysteresis. Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law.
• Induced emf and current: Lenz's Law, Eddy currents.
• Self and mutual inductance.
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance
• LCR series circuit, resonance: Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current.
• AC generator and transformer

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet.
• X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.

• Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula.
• Total internal reflection and its applications.
• Deviation and Dispersion of light by a; prism; Lens Formula.
• Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact.
• Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
• Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle.
• Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle.
• Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light.
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes.
• Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid

• Dual nature of radiation.
• Photoelectric effect.
• Hertz and Lenard's observations
• Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light.
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.
• Davisson Germer experiment.

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
• Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars: isotones.
• Radioactivity- alpha. beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: 1- V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED.
• the photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor: transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator.
• Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).
• Transistor as a switch.

• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation.
• Need for modulation.
• Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, the bandwidth of Transmission medium
• Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).

SYLLABUS for JEE (Main)-2024

Syllabus for Paper-1 (B.E./B.Tech.) - Chemistry

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

• Matter and its nature
• Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound
• Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures.
• SI Units, dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Gaseous State:

• Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law.
• Graham's law of diffusion.
• Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities
• Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.

Liquid State

• Properties of liquids - vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).

Solid State

• Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
• Bragg's Law and its applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids
• Electrical and magnetic properties.

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations
• Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect
• Spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
• Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model
• Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features.
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions
• Variation of Y and Y2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
• various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number
• Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

• Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding

• Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy

Covalent Bonding

• Concept of electronegativity.
• Fajan's rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.

• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
• Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals
• Resonance.

• Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding.
• Hydrogen bonding and its applications

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.

• The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity
• Hess's law of constant heat summation
• Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

• The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria for spontaneity.
• DG° (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapor pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapor pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
• Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties
• Abnormal value of molar mass, van't Hoff factor and its significance.

• Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law.
• General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

• Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance
• the significance of DG and DG° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst
• Le Chatelier's principle.

Ionic equilibrium

• Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water.
• pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration
• Kohlrausch's law and its applications.
• Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications
• Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change
• Dry cell and lead accumulator
• Fuel cells.

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,
• Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

• Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
• Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.

• Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.

• Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic.
• lyophobic; multimolecular.
• macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect.
• Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation
• Emulsions and their characteristics.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii
• ionization enthalpy
• electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores
• Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen
• Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide
• Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial
• Hydrogen as a fuel.

• Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate
• Industrial uses of lime, limestone.
• Plaster of Paris and cement
• Biological significance of Na, K. Mg and Ca.

• Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction
• Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
• unique behavior of the first element in each group.

• Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13 Preparation, properties and uses of boron and Aluminium
• Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, Aluminium chloride and alums

• Group -14 The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones

• Group -15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus
• Allotropic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3. PCl5)
• Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.

• Group -16 Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of Sulphur
• Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)
• Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur.

• Group-17 Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid
• Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides
• Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

• Group-18 Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

• Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements
• physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4.

• Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration
• oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.
• Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

• Introduction to co-ordination compounds.
• Werner's theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity.
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, color and magnetic properties
• Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

• Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.
• Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants
• Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
• Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.
• Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
• Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, phosphorus.
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae
• Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
• Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur
• Homologous series
• Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
• Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions
• stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
• Common types of organic reactions
• Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
• Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)
• Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
• Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism
• Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect)
• Ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes - Acidic character
• Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides
• Polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity
• Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions
• Nature of C-X bond
• Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
• Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
• ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
• mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation.
• Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
• Ethers: Structure
• Aldehyde and Ketones
• Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
• Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen)
• the acidity of a-hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction.
• Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
• Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it

• General methods of preparation.
• Properties, reactions and uses.
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
• Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, - Addition and condensation, copolymerization.
• Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and Bakelite

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
• CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
• PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides.
• Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
• VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
• NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
• Biological functions of nucleic acids.

• Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids.
• Antihistamines - their meaning and common examples.
• Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.
• Cleansing Agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

• Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds
• Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr's salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysts: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+ , Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ , NH4 + Anions- CO3 2−, S 2- ,SO4 2−, NO3- , NO2- , Cl- , Br- , I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
  • 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
  • 2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
  • 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
  • 4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.